Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.58489/2836-2411/019
1Department of Histopathology, College of Health Sciences, Elsheikh Abdallah Elbadri University, Sudan.
2Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Shendi University, Shendi, Sudan.
3Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, College of Health Sciences, Elsheikh Abdallah Elbadri University, Sudan
*Corresponding Author: Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad*
Citation: Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad, (2023). Assessment of Liver Enzymes (ALT – AST) among Cigarette M ale Smokers in River Nile State, Sudan. Journal of Internal Medicine & Health Affairs. 2(1). DOI: 10.58489/2836-2411/019
Copyright: © 2023 Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad, this is an open-access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 16 February 2023 | Accepted: 10 April 2023 | Published: 14 April 2023
Keywords: Liver Enzymes, Cigarette, ALT, AST, Sudan
Smoking use is widely spread throughout the world. The effect of smoking on human health are serious and, in many cases, deadly. This is a cross-sectional study conducted during the period from April 2018 to measure ALT & AST activities between smokers and nonsmokers. Thirty smokers were selected as the test group and thirty nonsmokers as the control group (age was matched (30-65)). Blood specimens were collected from both groups, and serum ALT &AST activities were determined by using an auto-analyzer (Mindary). Insignificant in means of serum AST &ALT activities in smokers when compared to the control group. The results also showed an insignificant correlation between age and serum AST&ALT activity. Statistical analysis also showed an insignificant correlation between the duration of smoking and serum AST&ALT activity. The result also showed an insignificant correlation between the number of cigarettes per day and serum AST & ALT. No correlation between AST & ALT activities with duration of smoking per year, no correlation between AST & ALT activities with age, and no correlation between AST &ALT activities with several cigarettes per day.
Cigarette smoking is a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. Worldwide, more than 3 million people currently die each year from cigarette smoking [1].The risk of death in smokers is measured by the number of cigarettes smoked daily, the duration of smoking, the degree of inhalation, and the age of initiation [2].Cigarette smoke contains over 4000 different chemicals, 400 of which are proven to be carcinogenic; it also contains various oxidants such as oxygen free radicals and volatile aldehydes which are probably the major causes of damage to biomolecules [3].The liver is a vital organ of vertebrates and some other animals. In the human, it is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm. The liver has a wide range of functions, including detoxification of various metabolites, protein synthesis, and the production of biochemicals necessary for digestion. The liver is a gland and plays a major role in metabolism with numerous functions in the human body, including regulation of glycogen storage. Markers for hepatocellular necrosis (ALT; most specific for hepatocyte injury, AST; less specific than ALT significant presence in other tissues, LD least specific significant presence in other tissues). A marker that reflects cholestasis (Alkaline phosphatase, Gamma-glutamyl transferase). Tests to assess liver disorders (Total bilirubin, direct bilirubin (conjugated), indirect bilirubin (unconjugated), Albumin, Ammonia, Alph fetoprotein) [4]. Aspartate transaminase Enzyme code (EC2.6.1.1) Aspartate transaminase (AST) or aspartate amino transferase, also known as AspAT/ASAT/AAT or serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). Reference range 5 to 30 U/L (37C) [5]. Alanine transaminase (EC2.6.1.2), Alanine transaminase (ALT) is a transaminase enzyme. It is also called alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and was formerly called serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) or serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). Reference
range of ALT 6-37 U/L (37C) [5]. The active substance in tobacco, especially cigarettes, is administered by burning the leaves and inhaling the vaporized gas that results. This quickly and effectively delivers substances into the bloodstream by absorption through the alveoli in the lung [6]. Smokers are more likely than non-smokers to develop heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and cardio vascular disease. Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging airways and the small air sacs (alveoli). Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and affect a person’s overall health [6].
Study design
This is a cross-sectional study.
Study area
The study was conducted in River Nile State.
Study design
This is a cross-sectional study.
Study area
The study was conducted in River Nile State.
Study population
Thirty smokers were enrolled as the test group and thirty nonsmokers as the control group was enrolled in this study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Inclusion Criteria
Healthy looking cigarettes male Smokers in River Nile State.
Exclusion Criteria
Cigarette male smokers with liver disease, alcohol abuse, bone disease, and cardiac disease were excluded.
Samples
Samples were collected under aseptic conditions and placed in sterile plain containers, and after clotting centrifuged for 3 minutes at 3000 RPM to obtain serum, then serum was kept at -20c till the time of analysis.
Ethical consideration
Smokers who voluntarily accepted to participate in the study were included.
Data Analysis
Data were analyzed by SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science).
Table 1: Distribution of study group according to age
| Age | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| 25 – 35 years | 7 | 23.3% |
| 36 – 45 years | 9 | 30.0% |
| 46 – 55 years | 8 | 26.7% |
| More than 55 years | 6 | 20.0% |
| Total | 30 | 100% |
Table-2: Distribution of study group according to duration of smoking
| Duration of smoking | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| Less than10 years | 14 | 46.7% |
| 10 - 20 years | 9 | 30.0% |
| 21 - 30 years | 4 | 13.3% |
| More than30 years | 3 | 10.0% |
| Total | 30 | 100% |
Table-3: Distribution of study group according to number of cigarettes smoke per day
| Number of cigarette/ days | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| Less than 5 cigarettes | 1 | 3.3% |
| 5 - 10 cigarettes | 20 | 66.7% |
| 11 - 15 cigarettes | 3 | 10.0% |
| 16 - 20 cigarettes | 6 | 20.0% |
| Total | 30 | 100% |
Table-4: Distribution of study group according to type of smoking
| Type of smoking | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| Cigarette | 30 | 100% |
| Others | 0 | 0% |
| Total | 30 | 100% |
Table-5: Distribution of study groupaccording to other hereditary diseaseamong study group
| Other disease | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| Yes | 0 | 0% |
| No | 30 | 100% |
| Total | 30 | 100% |
Table-6: Distribution of study groupaccording to AST
| AST | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| 10 - 20 | 12 | 40.0% |
| 21 - 30 | 14 | 46.7% |
| 31 -40 | 4 | 13.3% |
| Total | 30 | 100% |
Table-7: Distribution of study group according to ALT
| ALT | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| < 10 | 10 | 33.3% |
| 10 - 20 | 16 | 53.3% |
| 21 - 30 | 2 | 6.7% |
| 31 -40 | 2 | 6.7% |
| Total | 30 | 100% |
Nicotine is the major component of cigarette smoke plays an important role in the development of many diseases. It causes oxidative damage to the kidney, lungs, liver, and heart. It is a potential oxidant, which is capable of producing free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Nicotineinduces free radicalsto react with bio membranecausing oxidative destruction ofpolyunsaturated fatty acid and forming cytotoxic aldehydes by lipid per-oxidation implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases. This is a cross- sectional study aimed to study the effect ofsmoking on liver enzyme activities .60 males (30 smokers and 30 nonsmokers) were enrolled in this study to study the effect of smoking on liver enzymes.After the evaluationof enzymes activities by the auto analyzer, the statisticalanalysis was done by using the SPSS computer program and the results showed that all liver enzyme levels were insignificantly in the smoker group when compared to the non-smoker group, with no increase in activity of AST& ALT in smokers indicate tissue damage due to loss of
functional integrity of cell membrane.This result disagrees with the results of a study conducted inEl- beidia city,Libya done by Alsalhen to show the effect of cigarette smokingon liver functionamong smokers and non-smokers male, showed that the smokers hadsignificantly higher than the non-smokers in AST, ALT,
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for- profit sectors.
The author has declared that no competing interests exist.